Calabi-Yau Manifolds: These six-dimensional mathematical models describe the universe at extremely small scales. The namesake pays respect to the two mathematicians who first studied the properties of these spaces, long before string theory was in existence.

General Relativity: The theory espoused by Albert Einstein in 1915. Proven to be an accurate theory of the universe at extremely large scales.

Standard Model: A popular model before string theory that accurately explained the interaction between the fundamental particles and the three non-gravitational forces. Its shortcoming was its inability to incorporate gravity into its equations.

Quantum Mechanics: "The theory of the small." The laws of quantum mechanics accurately describe the workings of the universe at extremely small scales.

String: The fundamental building block of the universe according to Superstring theory.

Winding Energy: The energy of a string as a result of its wrapping around a spatial dimension.

Vibrational Energy: The energy of a string as a result of the laws of quantum mechanics which states that the more one confines a particle, the more energetic that particle becomes.

Wound/Unwound String: A wound string is one that wraps itself around a dimension. In Figure 4, we see how the wound string wraps around this two-dimensional figure confining its movement. The unwound string is free from this confinement.

Graviton: Proposed yet undetected particle. String Theory predicts the actual existence of the graviton along with its ability to traverse four-dimensions.

Dark Matter: Matter that cosmologists "knows" is there (due to the effects of its gravity), but cannot detect with current technologies.